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Ecology - Biological Diversity

The Appalachian-Caledonian Orogeny, along with the Variscan Mountains of Spain and Portugal and the Anti-Atlas Mountains of Morocco, hosts a rich diversity of flora and fauna adapted to diverse habitats. Here is a list of some representative species found in these regions:

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Appalachian Mountains

Examples of Flora:

  • Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)
  • Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
  • Red spruce (Picea rubens)
  • Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis)
  • American beech (Fagus grandifolia)
  • Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)
  • Rhododendron spp.
  • Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
  • Wildflowers: Trillium spp., Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)

Examples of Fauna:

  • White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
  • Moose (Alces alces)
  • Black bear (Ursus americanus)
  • Eastern coyote (Canis latrans)
  • Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
  • American bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
  • Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
  • Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
  • Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina)
  • Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Caledonian Mountains

Examples of Flora:

  • Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
  • Norway spruce (Picea abies)
  • Birch species (Betula spp.)
  • Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)
  • Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
  • Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
  • Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
  • Mosses and lichens: Reindeer moss (Cladonia spp.), Usnea spp., Peltigera spp

Examples of Fauna:

  • Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)
  • European brown bear (Ursus arctos)
  • Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
  • European otter (Lutra lutra)
  • Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
  • Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta)
  • European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
  • Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
  • Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)

Variscan Mountains of Spain and Portugal

Examples of Flora:

  • Cork oak (Quercus suber)
  • Holm oak (Quercus ilex)
  • Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea)
  • Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)
  • Lavender (Lavandula spp.)
  • Thyme (Thymus spp.)
  • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
  • Oleander (Nerium oleander)
  • Argan tree (Argania spinosa)

Examples of Fauna:

  • Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)
  • Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus)
  • Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica)
  • Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti)
  • Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus)
  • Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica)
  • Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti)
  • Eurasian badger (Meles meles)
  • Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti)

Anti-Atlas Mountains of Morocco

Examples of Flora:

  • Argan tree (Argania spinosa)
  • Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
  • Olive tree (Olea europaea)
  • Fig tree (Ficus carica)
  • Acacia species (Acacia spp.)
  • Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
  • Thyme (Thymus spp.)
  • Aloe vera (Aloe vera)
  • Succulents: Euphorbia spp., Aeonium spp., Agave spp.

Examples of Fauna:

  • Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus)
  • Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)
  • Sand cat (Felis margarita)
  • Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes)
  • Fringe-toed lizard (Acanthodactylus spp.)
  • Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
  • Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)
  • Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx)
  • Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)

[Source: ChatGPT]

Maine

Portugal

Quebec

Spain

Scotland

Virginia

Wales